Month: April 2023

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D2W Plastics News

Bio-Transformative Technology: The Future of Sustainable Packaging

Introduction

Biobottles™, a pioneer in the sustainable packaging industry, has developed a groundbreaking technology called PlasticIQ™. At the heart of PlasticIQ™ lies a proprietary form of Bio-Transformative plastics that are designed to revolutionize the way we perceive and utilize plastics. This article will delve into the intricacies of Bio-Transformative technology, its applications in the industry, and specifically in food and supplement packaging. We will also address any concerns or fears a business might have about adopting this cutting-edge technology.

Understanding Bio-Transformative Technology

Bio-Transformative technology refers to a novel process by which plastics are engineered to undergo a transformation in their chemical structure, allowing them to break down more efficiently in the environment. Unlike traditional plastics that persist for centuries, Bio-Transformative plastics offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to plastic waste. They can be incorporated into various industries, including food and supplement packaging, to provide a cleaner and greener alternative.

Bio-Transformative Plastics in the Industry

The introduction of Bio-Transformative plastics offers numerous advantages to industries seeking sustainable packaging solutions. These plastics can be used in a wide range of applications, from food containers and packaging films to beverage bottles and disposable cutlery. Some key benefits of incorporating Bio-Transformative plastics into industrial processes include:

  1. Reduced environmental impact: Bio-Transformative plastics significantly reduce the plastic waste that accumulates in landfills and the natural environment. By breaking down more efficiently, these materials help decrease pollution levels and promote a healthier ecosystem.
  2. Lower carbon footprint: The production of Bio-Transformative plastics generally requires fewer resources and energy compared to traditional plastics. As a result, adopting these materials can contribute to reducing a company’s overall carbon footprint.
  3. Enhanced brand image: Embracing Bio-Transformative technology allows businesses to showcase their commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship. This can help strengthen a company’s brand image and resonate with eco-conscious consumers.

Bio-Transformative Plastics in Food and Supplement Packaging

The food and supplement industries are particularly well-suited to benefit from the adoption of Bio-Transformative plastics. Here’s how:

  1. Extended shelf life: Bio-Transformative plastics can be engineered to provide a barrier against moisture, oxygen, and other environmental factors that can compromise product quality. This can help extend the shelf life of perishable items like fresh produce, baked goods, and dietary supplements.
  2. Improved food safety: Bio-Transformative plastics can be designed to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and other pathogens, ensuring that food and supplement products remain safe for consumption.
  3. Customizability: These plastics can be easily tailored to meet the specific needs of various food and supplement products, including different shapes, sizes, and functional requirements.

Addressing Concerns About Bio-Transformative Technology Adoption
Businesses may have concerns about the cost, performance, and scalability of adopting Bio-Transformative technology. Here’s how we address these concerns:

  1. Cost-effectiveness: The initial investment in Bio-Transformative technology is similar to traditional plastics, but it has long-term savings in waste management, reduced carbon footprint, and the potential for increased sales due to consumer preference for eco-friendly products can offset these costs.
  2. Performance: Bio-Transformative plastics are engineered to meet or exceed the performance standards of traditional plastics. They can offer enhanced durability, moisture resistance, and other desirable qualities without compromising on sustainability.
  3. Scalability: As the demand for sustainable packaging solutions grows, the production of Bio-Transformative plastics is becoming more efficient and scalable, making it an increasingly viable option for businesses of all sizes.

Conclusion

Biobottles™ PlasticIQ™ technology offers a sustainable and innovative solution to the plastic waste problem, harnessing the power of Bio-Transformative plastics to create a cleaner, greener future for industries and consumers alike. The adoption of this technology can not only reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste but also enhance the performance of packaging materials and elevate a company’s brand image.
By addressing the concerns of cost, performance, and scalability, businesses can confidently embrace Bio-Transformative technology as a viable and advantageous alternative to traditional plastics. As more industries recognize the benefits of this cutting-edge technology, particularly in the food and supplement sectors, we can expect a significant shift towards more sustainable packaging practices.
Ultimately, adopting Bio-Transformative plastics and PlasticIQ™ technology represents a crucial step toward a more sustainable future, and Biobottles™ is committed to leading the charge in transforming the way industries approach packaging and waste management.

Reference:

  1. Ellen MacArthur Foundation: A leading organization in the field of circular economy, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation has published several resources on sustainable packaging and plastics, including the New Plastics Economy initiative. URL: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/
  2. European Bioplastics: This organization represents the interests of the bioplastics industry in Europe and provides valuable resources, including market data, position papers, and news articles. URL: https://www.european-bioplastics.org/
  3. ScienceDirect: A vast database of scientific research articles, ScienceDirect has numerous publications on biodegradable plastics, sustainable packaging, and their applications in various industries. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
  4. Packaging Digest: This publication features news and articles on the latest trends and technologies in the packaging industry, including insights on sustainable packaging materials and solutions. URL: https://www.packagingdigest.com/
  5. Plastics Today: A leading source of information for the plastics industry, Plastics Today provides news, analysis, and insights into sustainable and innovative plastic materials, including biodegradable and eco-friendly alternatives. URL: https://www.plasticstoday.com/

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Recycling Plastics

Compostable Plastics Faces Limitations

Plastic waste has become a significant environmental problem, with millions of tons of plastic ending up in landfills and oceans yearly. In response, there has been growing interest in compostable plastics as a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. These plastics are designed to break down into compost under specific conditions, which makes them an attractive solution to reducing plastic waste and pollution.

However, compostable plastics have some limitations that must be considered to avoid unintended consequences. For instance, not all plastics are created equal and require specific conditions to break down properly. Additionally, these plastics are not necessarily a complete solution to reducing plastic waste and pollution. It’s important to remember that reducing the amount of plastic waste generated in the first place and improving waste management infrastructure are also critical strategies to address the challenges of plastic waste and pollution.

This article will explore the limitations of the above-mentioned plastics, including the conditions they require for proper breakdown, their limited availability and disposal, and the broader context of plastic waste reduction. By understanding these limitations, we can make informed decisions about how to properly manage compostable plastics and make progress toward a more sustainable and resilient future.

Conditions for a breakdown Compostable Plastics

One of the key limitations of mentioned plastics is that they require specific conditions to break down properly. While some compostable plastics may break down in backyard composting systems, they generally require high temperatures, moisture, and oxygen to break down fully. Backyard composting systems usually don’t reach the high temperatures needed to break down completely. As a result, these plastics may break down into small pieces that could contaminate the soil and harm plants. Compostable plastics require specific conditions to break down properly. These conditions typically include:

  • High temperature: These plastics require high temperatures to break down completely, typically around 140 to 160°F (60 to 71°C).
  • Moisture: They also require moisture to break down properly. Ideally, compostable plastics should be kept moist but not waterlogged.
  • Oxygen: Composting requires oxygen for microorganisms to break down organic materials, including compostable plastics.
  • Time: Compostable plastics may take longer to break down than other organic materials, and the length of time required can vary depending on the type of compostable plastic and the composting conditions.
  • Proper management: It’s important to properly manage these types of plastics, including separating them from non-compostable materials and ensuring that they are disposed of in a composting facility that meets relevant standards and regulations. Otherwise, these plastics may not break down properly and could potentially harm the environment.

Compostable plastics are designed to break down into compost under specific conditions, which makes them a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. However, knowing the conditions required for compostable plastics to break down properly is important.

Not all Compostable Plastics are created equal.

Additionally, not all compostable plastics are created equal. Different types of compostable plastics exist, and some are more readily compostable than others. Some compostable plastics require specific composting conditions and facilities, while others may not break down completely and can leave behind harmful microplastics in the environment.

Therefore, it’s important to choose certified compostable plastics to meet relevant standards and regulations and properly manage them to ensure that they are disposed of in a composting facility that meets these standards. By doing so, we can reduce the impact of plastic waste on the environment and move towards a more sustainable future.

For example, some plastics are designed to be durable and long-lasting, while others are designed to be single-use and disposable. Some plastics are recyclable, while others are not. Additionally, some plastics contain harmful chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA), that can leach into food or drinks and potentially cause health problems.

Therefore, it’s important to understand the properties of different types of plastics and to properly manage plastic waste to minimize harm to the environment and human health. This includes choosing products with minimal plastic packaging, using reusable bags and containers, properly disposing of plastic waste, and supporting initiatives to reduce plastic waste and promote sustainability.

We can create a more sustainable and healthy future for all by working together and taking action.How compostable plastic leads to limited choices when it comes to it's disposal

Limited availability of proper disposal for Compostable Plastics

One of the limitations of compostable plastics is their limited availability and disposal. Composting facilities that can properly process compostable plastics are not yet widely available, particularly in some regions of the world. This means that even if consumers want to dispose of compostable plastics properly, they may not have access to the necessary infrastructure.

Moreover, even when these plastics are disposed of properly, they may not necessarily be the most effective solution for reducing pollution overall. It’s important to remember that the most effective way to prevent plastic pollution in the environment is to reduce the amount of plastic waste that is generated in the first place and to ensure that plastic products are properly managed and disposed of in ways that minimize harm to the environment.

To address these challenges, it’s important to continue investing in developing and expanding composting facilities that meet relevant standards and regulations. Additionally, reducing the use of all types of single-use plastics, improving waste management infrastructure, and promoting recycling and composting of non-plastic materials are effective strategies to reduce pollution and move towards a more sustainable future. By properly managing compostable plastics and embracing a range of sustainable solutions, we can make progress in addressing the challenges of plastic waste and pollution.

There’s still hope

Despite the limitations of plastics, they can still be a step in the right direction toward a more sustainable future. We can help reduce waste and move towards a more sustainable future by utilizing composting facilities that meet relevant standards and regulations. Additionally, choosing compostable plastics that are certified to meet relevant standards and regulations and properly managing them to ensure that they are disposed of in a composting facility that meets these standards can further reduce the impact of plastic waste on the environment.

It’s important to remember that said plastics are just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to addressing the challenges of plastic waste and pollution. While these plastics can be a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics, reducing the amount of plastic waste that is generated in the first place, improving waste management infrastructure, and promoting recycling and composting of non-plastic materials are also critical strategies to reduce pollution and moving towards a more sustainable future.

By embracing a range of sustainable solutions, including mentioned plastics, we can make progress in addressing the challenges of plastic waste and pollution and move towards a more sustainable and resilient future for all.

Compostable Plastics in summary

Compostable plastics have the potential to be a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics, but they also have limitations that need to be considered. Compostable plastics require specific conditions to break down properly; not all compostable plastics are created equal. Additionally, the limited availability of composting facilities that meet relevant standards and regulations can hinder the proper disposal of compostable plastics.

Despite these limitations, compostable plastics can still be a step in the right direction toward a more sustainable future. By properly managing compostable plastics and utilizing composting facilities that meet relevant standards and regulations, we can help reduce waste and move towards a more sustainable future. However, it’s important to remember that compostable plastics are just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to addressing the challenges of plastic waste and pollution. Reducing the amount of plastic waste that is generated in the first place, improving waste management infrastructure, and promoting recycling and composting of non-plastic materials are also critical strategies to reduce pollution and move towards a more sustainable future.

By embracing a range of sustainable solutions, including compostable plastics, we can progress in addressing the challenges of plastic waste and pollution and move towards a more sustainable and resilient future for all. It’s up to each of us to play a role in reducing plastic waste and ensuring a healthier planet for generations to come.

What can we do for our planet?

The issue of plastic waste and pollution requires a collective effort from individuals, organizations, and governments to make a meaningful impact. As individuals, we can take steps to reduce our plastic consumption and properly manage plastic waste. This includes choosing products with minimal plastic packaging, using reusable bags and containers, and properly disposing of plastic waste.

We can also support businesses and organizations prioritizing sustainability and reducing plastic footprints. This includes choosing products made from compostable or biodegradable materials, supporting businesses that use minimal plastic packaging, and encouraging companies to invest in sustainable alternatives to plastic.

Additionally, we can advocate for government policies and regulations that promote sustainability and reduce plastic waste. This includes supporting initiatives to improve waste management infrastructure, promote recycling and composting of non-plastic materials, and incentivize businesses to adopt sustainable practices.

By working together and taking action, we can positively impact the environment and create a more sustainable future for all. So let’s commit to reduce our plastic consumption and properly manage plastic waste, and support sustainable alternatives to plastic.

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References

Here are the references related to the limitations of compostable plastics that were used to compose this article:

These references provide insights on the benefits and limitations of compostable plastics, and highlight the need for proper management and disposal to ensure their sustainability.

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D2W Plastics News Oxy-Biodegradable Plastics Recycling Plastics

What Kind of Plastics Are Available as Biodegradable Plastics?

PP Plastic & HDPE Biodegradable
PP Plastic & HDPE Biodegradable

Biodegradable Plastics and Types Of Plastics

Plastics have become integral to modern life, with various types offering unique properties and applications. Among these, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP) are some of the most commonly used plastics in industries ranging from packaging to automotive components. While these materials offer numerous benefits, their environmental impact is a growing concern. Plastic pollution in the oceans is a pressing issue, and innovative technologies like PlasticIQ™ aim to address this problem by making plastics more sustainable through recycling and biodegradation strategies. This article delves into the history, uses, and environmental implications of these four types of plastics and their compatibility with PlasticIQ™ technology or biodegradable plastics.

PET Plastic: What It Is, Where It’s Used, and Its Impact on the Environment

PET, or polyethylene terephthalate, is a type of plastic that is lightweight and useful for many things. People first made PET in the 1940s, and it became popular in the 1970s for packaging things like food and drinks.

To make PET plastic, we mix and heat two special ingredients, ethylene glycol, and terephthalic acid. This process forms a strong material that can be shaped into many different things.

PET is used in many industries, including:

  • Food and drinks: It’s great for making bottles, containers, and trays to keep our food fresh.
  • Clothes: PET can be turned into fibers to make fabrics for clothing and other textiles.
  • Electronics: PET can be used in parts and coverings for gadgets like phones and computers.
  • Cars: PET is used in some car parts, making them lighter and more fuel-efficient.

The Bio-transforability of PET

One problem with PET is that it doesn’t break down naturally in the environment. This means it can pile up in landfills or end up in the ocean, causing pollution. The good news is that PET can be recycled. When we recycle PET, we give it a new life as another product, like fabric or packaging, which helps reduce its environmental impact.

PET plastic can cause pollution in the ocean when it’s not disposed of properly. In 2020, a group of people who clean up beaches found that plastic bottles, often made of PET, were one of the most common things they picked up. This shows that we need to be more careful about how we use and throw away PET plastic to keep our oceans clean.

In short, PET is a useful plastic that is used in many industries. However, it’s essential to be aware of its impact on the environment and work on finding better ways to use and recycle PET.

PET and Our Oceans

It is difficult to provide an exact percentage of PET plastic in the ocean, as plastic pollution data is often reported in terms of total plastic waste or categorized by product type rather than by specific plastic material. However, PET is known to be a significant contributor to plastic pollution in the oceans due to its widespread use in single-use products, particularly beverage bottles.

A study published in Science Advances in 2015 estimated that 8 million metric tons of plastic waste entered the ocean in 2010, with a significant portion coming from single-use plastic packaging. As PET is commonly used for this type of packaging, it is likely to account for a notable share of ocean plastic pollution.

Can Biobottles™ Create Bio-transfomative PET Plastics?

Bio-transfomable additives typically work better with polyolefins like low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). PET has a different chemical structure, which makes it less suitable for oxo-biodegradation.

Some plastics can be made to break down more easily with special additives, but it’s unclear if PET can be one of them. More research is needed to determine if we can make PET break down more easily and be less environmentally harmful. As of right now, it is not compatible with PlasticIQ technology and can not be made into bio-transformative plastics.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

A Closer Look at Its Production, Applications, and Environmental Impact.

High-density polyethylene, commonly known as HDPE, is a versatile and widely used plastic material. It was first developed in the 1950s and has since gained popularity due to its strength, durability, and lightweight properties. The production of HDPE involves a process called polymerization of ethylene, wherein heat and pressure are applied to create a long-chain polymer that forms the basis of HDPE plastic products.

HDPE is used extensively in various industries, including food and beverage packaging, personal care products, household items, and toys. Its applications in food and beverage packaging range from milk jugs and juice bottles to containers for various food products. In the personal care industry, HDPE is commonly used for packaging items such as shampoo, conditioner, and soap. Additionally, HDPE’s durability and strength make it an ideal material for household items like trash bags, storage containers, and toys for children.

Despite its numerous advantages, HDPE does have some drawbacks concerning its environmental impact. HDPE is not biodegradable, meaning it does not break down naturally in the environment. Instead, it accumulates in landfills and contributes to plastic pollution in oceans. However, HDPE is widely recyclable, which allows it to be repurposed into new products and helps to mitigate its environmental impact.

HDPE and Our Oceans

The exact contamination levels of HDPE in the oceans are difficult to quantify. However, it is known that HDPE contributes to plastic pollution in the oceans due to its widespread use, particularly in single-use products. Proper waste management, recycling, and using oxo-biodegradable additives can help mitigate the impact of HDPE on the environment.

Can Biobottles™ Create Bio-transformative HDPE Plastics?

HDPE can be made oxo-biodegradable using special additives in PlasticIQ™ technology.  These additives promote the breakdown of HDPE into smaller fragments when exposed to certain environmental conditions, such as sunlight, heat, and oxygen. Once broken down, microorganisms can consume these smaller fragments, ultimately converting the plastic into water, CO2, and biomass. This process makes HDPE with oxo-biodegradable additives a more environmentally friendly option.

In conclusion, HDPE is a versatile and widely used plastic material with applications across various industries. While it offers many advantages, its environmental impact cannot be ignored. HDPE’s non-biodegradable nature contributes to plastic pollution in landfills and oceans. However, recycling HDPE and using oxo-biodegradable additives can help to reduce its environmental impact and promote more sustainable waste management practices.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

LDPE a widely used thermoplastic polymer known for its flexibility, transparency, and resilience. Developed in the 1930s, LDPE was the first polyethylene to be produced, and it remains an essential material in the plastic industry today. LDPE is created through the polymerization of ethylene gas at high pressure, which forms a long-chain polymer with a relatively low density.

LDPE is commonly used in various industries due to its flexibility and ease of processing. Some typical applications of LDPE include plastic bags, film wrap, food packaging, squeezable bottles, and flexible tubing. Its moisture-resistant and impermeable properties make it suitable for preserving and protecting perishable goods.

LDPE and Our Oceans

The amount of LDPE present in the oceans is difficult to determine, as plastic pollution data is often reported in terms of total plastic waste or categorized by product type rather than specific plastic material. Nevertheless, LDPE contributes to marine pollution through single-use products like plastic bags and packaging films. Proper waste management, recycling, and using biodegradable alternatives can help mitigate its environmental impact.

Can Biobottles™ Create Degradable LDPE Plastics?

Yes, PlasticIQ™ is a degradable additive designed primarily for polyolefin plastics, such as LDPE and HDPE. Adding to LDPE can make the plastic oxo-biodegradable, allowing it to break down into smaller fragments under certain environmental conditions, which microorganisms can then consume.

In conclusion, LDPE is a versatile and widely used plastic material with applications across various industries. Its history dates back to the 1930s, and it remains an essential plastic material.

Polypropylene (PP)

PP is a versatile thermoplastic polymer known for its durability, chemical resistance, and lightweight properties. It was first synthesized in the 1950s by Italian chemist Giulio Natta and German chemist Karl Rehn. Over the years, PP has become a popular material in various industries due to its performance and cost-effectiveness.

PP is used in various applications, including automotive components, packaging materials, textiles, reusable containers, and consumer goods. Its durability and chemical resistance make it suitable for long-lasting products and packaging that require protection from moisture or corrosive substances. PP is also used in the medical field for items like syringes and laboratory equipment due to its high melting point and sterilization capabilities.

Can Biobottles™ Create Degradable PP Plastic?

As for the compatibility of PP with PlasticIQ™ technology, there is compatibility. Our oxo-biodegradable additive is designed primarily for polyolefin plastics, such as PP, LDPE, and HDPE. PlasticIQ technology can make the plastic oxo-biodegradable when added to PP, allowing it to break down into smaller fragments under certain environmental conditions, which microorganisms can consume.

PP and Our Oceans

The amount of PP present in the oceans is difficult to determine. Plastic pollution data is often reported in terms of total plastic waste or categorized by product type rather than specific plastic material. However, PP contributes to marine pollution, particularly through single-use products like disposable cutlery, straws, and packaging materials. Proper waste management, recycling, and using biodegradable alternatives can help mitigate its environmental impact.

In conclusion, polypropylene is a versatile and widely used plastic material with applications across various industries. Its history dates back to the 1950s, and it remains an essential plastic material. PP contributes to ocean pollution, but innovative technologies like PlasticIQ can potentially improve its environmental impact through recycling and biodegradation strategies.

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News Oxy-Biodegradable Plastics

Are BioBottles™ And Plastic IQ™ Technology Safe?

Biodegradable Plastics PlasticIQ

A Solution To Pollution

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the negative impact that plastic waste is having on our planet. Plastic waste is harming our oceans, wildlife, and ecosystems. Bio-transformative plastics offer a potential solution to this problem. BioBottles™, in particular, are an innovative product that addresses these concerns. They are designed to be safe for humans, animals, the ocean, the land, and the environment.

Clean Technology

BioBottles™ are made from a bio-transformative plastic. This means they contain a pro-degradant additive that helps break down the plastic into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are then bio-transformed by microorganisms, which consume the plastic and convert it into harmless substances like water, CO2, and biomass. Unlike traditional plastics, which can take hundreds of years to break down, BioBottles™ can bio-transform within a few years.

Biobottles™ use everyday, durable, hard plastics that are no different from what you are used to. The only difference is what happens to them after the consumer throws the product away.

Tested & Safe

One of the primary reasons why BioBottles™ are safe for humans is because they are made from food-grade compliant materials. The FDA has verified that these materials do not contain any harmful chemicals that could leach into the contents of the bottle. This means that consumers can use BioBottles™ with confidence, knowing that they are not exposing themselves to any harmful substances.

Animals

In addition, BioBottles™ are designed to be safe for animals. When traditional plastics break down, they can release toxic chemicals into the environment. These chemicals can be harmful to wildlife, which may accidentally ingest them or become entangled in plastic waste. BioBottles™, on the other hand, break down into harmless substances, which means that they do not pose a threat to animals or their habitats in the long term like traditional plastics.

The Ocean

BioBottles™ are also safe for the ocean. Plastic waste is a major problem for our oceans, and it is estimated that there will be more plastic than fish in the ocean by 2050 if current trends continue. Traditional plastics can take hundreds of years to break down, and during this time, they can cause significant harm to marine life. BioBottles™, however, break down much more quickly and do not pose a threat to the ocean or its inhabitants.

The Land

Similarly, BioBottles™ are safe for the land. Traditional plastics that end up in landfills can take hundreds of years to break down, and during this time, they can release toxic chemicals into the soil. This can lead to soil contamination, which can harm plants and other organisms that rely on the soil for survival. BioBottles™, however, break down much more quickly and do not pose a threat to the land or its inhabitants.

The Environment

Finally, BioBottles™ are safe for the environment as a whole. Plastic waste is one of the biggest environmental challenges we face today, and it is important to find ways to reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in our landfills, oceans, and other natural environments. BioBottles™ offer a sustainable solution to this problem. They are designed to break down into harmless substances, which means that they do not contribute to the accumulation of plastic waste in our environment.

In Conclusion

BioBottles™ are a safe and innovative product that addresses some of the biggest environmental challenges we face today. They are designed to be safe for humans, animals, the ocean, the land, and the environment. By using BioBottles™, we can reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in our natural environment and contribute to a more sustainable future.

 

Studies:

  1. “Oxo-biodegradable Plastic: A Modern Material in the Context of the Circular Economy,” by A. Jamaludin and C. A. Bakar. This article discusses the benefits and challenges of using oxo-biodegradable plastics, as well as their potential impact on the environment. (source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7807789/)
  2. “Are Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Really Biodegradable?” by P. N. Williams and L. R. J. Clark. This study investigated the biodegradability of oxo-biodegradable plastics and found that they can break down into small fragments that persist in the environment for many years. (source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25435545/)
  3. “Environmental Impact of Oxo-degradable Plastics in the Marine Environment,” by I. González-Pinto, et al. This study investigated the effects of oxo-degradable plastics on marine organisms and found that they can cause physical harm and may release toxic chemicals. (source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6637901/)
  4. “FDA Guidance for Industry: Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging,” by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This guidance document provides information on the safety and regulatory requirements for using recycled plastics in food packaging applications. (source: https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-releases-guidance-use-recycled-plastics-food-packaging)
  5. “Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting Conditions,” by ASTM International. This standard test method provides a standardized approach for testing the biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions. (source: https://www.astm.org/Standards/D6400.htm)

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